Civil War: Kansas-Nebraska Act

     The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 dealt with the issue of slavery and the boundary line. The number of free states and the number of slave states had to be equal so that one could not overthrow the other according to the Missouri Compromise. The Kansas-Nebraska Act overturned the Missouri Compromise saying that each state had the right to determine whether it was a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. Because of this decision, an act of violence occurred called "Bleeding Kansas".
     What happened was people that were supporters of free states came in and the people who were supporters of slave states came in trying to influence the decision of the residents. When you have two groups of people with different ideas in the same area it results in a disagreement. The problem was that this disagreement turned deadly as a major fight broke out and ended with people killed, mortally wounded, or other injuries.

Civil War: Reconstruction - The Second Chapter

     The Freedman's Bureau was established by Congress on March 3, 1865. The Freedman's Bureau was to only be in service for one year but congress decided on June 8, 1866, that it should stay for longer despite the veto that President Andrew Jackson had done. It opened 4000 free schools and colleges, it also educated 250,000 African Americans.


                  

     The Black Codes were their to ensure availability as a labor force for slavery that had now been abolished and it was also designed to restricts activity's for freed black slaves.  The Northern outrage for black codes undermined Johnson's policies. There were Jim Crow laws that said the white and blacks should have separate laws.
                               

     After the Civil War the Northerners were after money and jobs. Because of this, many of them traveled to the South after the new jobs that slaves had left behind and the land that now had no owners. These people were called "carpertbaggers" by the South. "Scalawags", as they were called, were Southerners who supported the Republican view of the best way of Reconstruction in the South.
                 

The South's Reaction:   The south reacted with violence with the Ku-Klux-Klan. They dressed in white hoods and robes to make themselves look like ghosts, then rode around at night threatening blacks to keep them from taking advantage of the new rights which the Klan thought that they should not have. When that did not work, they went around and beat and murdered. The government convicted more than 1200 and arrested thousands.

Sharecropping:  Developed for economic answers to the depravations of the South. There was different arrangements which consisted of labor-leased land which provided their own tools and seeds and grew what they wanted too. They also paid the rent with cash or crops. others provided only labor.

Redemption:    The people wanted Congressional control. redeemers were men who led the fight for freedom from the radical rule. Redeemers could sometimes be unfair , which an example is carpetbaggers and scalawags. Some redeemers wanted to strip blacks of their rights and privileges that they had gained since the war. Some supported black codes and the rise of the Jim Crow Laws, and most redeemers wanted to achieve what they considered fair play. They wanted to elect their own governments and run their own affairs without outside governments. Not all redeemer governments were like Hampton, for example Ben "Pitchfork" Tillman, who followed Hampton for 10 years as South Carolina's Governor. Tillman was an open racist who wanted to use racial turmoil to help his further political ambitions. One by one, southern states had redeemers as their leaders and regained control of their states.

Civil War: Reconstruction - First Chapter

1) The Thirteenth Amendment was adopted in 1865, it ended slavery and/or involuntary servitude except in punishment for a crime. 

2) The Fourteenth Amendment was adopted in 1868, and it defines all people born in the United States as citizens. It also required due process of law and required equal protection to all people. 

3) The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified in 1870 and it prevents the denial of a citizen’s vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

People believed that Lincolns plan was to lenient and they wanted to punish the South. They wanted to punish the South since the succession of the Union. Radical Republicans then passed the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864. The Wade-Davis Bill said that states could be readmitted and accepted back into the Union only after fifty percent of voters took an oath of allegiance to the Union after the result of the recent secession. The Bill went into recess since Lincoln pocket-vetoed the Bill and Lincoln then drastically refused to sign the vetoed Wade-Davis Bill. Congress then created the Freedman-Bureau which helped distributed the food supplies and the set aside land to the new population of freed slaves.  

Civil War: The End.

The End of the War...

Interesting Facts:
1) General Stonewall Jackson walked with his right hand in the air to balance the blood in his body and he never ate any food that tasted good because he assumed that anything that tasted good was completely unhealthy.
2) Confederate President Jefferson Davis was blind in his left eye.
3) By the end of the war 1/4 of the draft age men of the South were dead.
4) About four-thousand cannon shells were fired at Fort Sumter.
5) There was no penicillin so many died from infection which could not be cured.

     The Civil War began on July 21, 1861. In 1861, Wilmer McLean was a farmer in North Virginia with his family. The war pretty much began in his own backyard but out of concern for his family he moved them to central Virginia. He was a retired Major in the Virginian militia. He lived in the house at Appomattox Courthouse and it was in his home that General Robert E. Lee and General Grant discussed and came to terms on the surrender. The war started in his backyard on July 21, 1861, and ended in his parlor in 1865. 

http://www.historynet.com/civil-war

Civil War: Strengths/Weaknesses

	North	South
Strategies	The Anaconda Plan	to attack major Northern cities
Strengths	Industrial advantage Greater population Had twice the density of railroads per square mile Controlled the navy	Same size army Could produce all the food it needed Seven of the eight military colleges established armories and foundries in several states greatest strength lay in the fact that it was fighting on the defensive in its own territory
Weaknesses	Had to conquer a large area to bring South back in the Union Invading unfamiliar land	Very few factories. Few railroads. Small population
Leaders	Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant	Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee

" A Rose By Any Other Name Would Still Smell As Sweet."

The Civil War is also called:
The War for Constitutional Liberty
The War for Southern Independence
The Second American Revolution
The War for States' Rights
Mr. Lincoln's War
The Second War for Independence
The War Against Slavery
The Brothers' War
The War of Secession
The Great Rebellion
The War for Southern Nationality
The Civil War Between the States
The War Against Northern Aggression
The Yankee Invasion
The War for Separation
The War for the Union
The Confederate War
The War for Southern Freedom
The War of the North and South
The Lost Cause

War In The East

Name	Date	Contestants	Cause	Course	Consequences
1st Manasses (1st Battle of Bull Run)	July 21, 1861	Union: Gen. Irvin McDowell Confederate: Joseph Johnston & Beauregard	Northern newspapers pressured Lincoln to bring a quick end to the rebellion.	Virginia	Thomas J. Jackson earned the nom de guerre “Stonewall.” By July 22, the shattered Union army reached the safety of Washington.
Vicksburg Campaign (Pennisular)	January 29, 1861	Union: Gen.  George B. McClellan Confederate: Joseph E. Johnston	Union want after the Vicksburg, Mississippi fortress, the last Confederate controlled section of the Mississippi River.	Vicksburg	His success in the West boosted his reputation leading to his appointment as General-In-Chief of the Union armies
2nd Manasses (2nd Battle of Bull Run)	Spring of 1862	Union: John Pope Confederate: Robert E. Lee	Capture of the Union supply depot at Manassas Junction.	Virginia
Ironclads	March 8, 1862	Union: USS Cumberland Confederate: Merrimac	One of the Norths first acts was to force the confederacy into submission by blockading its ports.
Antietam (Southern Name: Battle of Sharpsburg)	September 17, 1862	Union: George B. McClellan Confederate: Gen. Robert E. Lee	Following the Confederate victory at the 2nd bull run, Robert E. Lee led his troops across the Potomac River into Union territory.	Maryland	revealed the limitations of both the Union and Confederate Armies.
Fredericksburg	December 13, 1862	Union: Ambrose E. Burnside Confederate: Gen. Robert E. Lee	Go towards the Confederate capital Richmond before Gen. Lee could catch up.	Burnside	Thomas. R.R. Cobb and Maxey Gregg were killed
Chancellorsville	May 1, 1863	Union: Joseph Hooker Confederate: Gen. Robert E. Lee Gen. Stonewall Jackson	Union raid against Lee's supply line.	Rappahannock fords	Widely to be convinced as his best known battle
Gettysburg	September 19, 1863	Union: George E. Meade John F. Reynolds Confederate: Gen. Robert E. Lee	Confederate infantry was in need of clothes and other supplies. Headed North towards Pennsylvania to retrieve those items.	Gettysburg Pennsylvania	Lee attacked the Union center in Cemetery Ridge and was repulsed with heavy losses in what is known as Pickett’s Charge.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPLrWL79iPc
http://history-world.org/some_major_civil_war_battles.htm
http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/battle-search-results.html

The Order of Secession.

     In the Presidential Election of 1860 many Southern states did not want Abraham Lincoln to be elected because he did not support slavery. However, when he did get elected the Southern States got fed up. they decided that they would be better off by themselves. South Carolina became the first state to secede from the Union on December 20, 1860. They were tired from all of the decisions of the federal government and decided that they had a right to decide for themselves what they wanted as a state. They knew that they now had a President who did not support slavery. Four months after South Carolina more states seceded. I guess the other states wanted to watch and make sure that it was possible for them to be self-sustaining. Georgia, Florida, Alabama and Mississippi followed South Carolina's lead, because if you are from the South you obviously know that we all stick together down here in the South. Texas and Louisiana followed after them. Realizing that this was actually happening, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee seeded from the Union in almost the same swift fashion. The states then rallied together and elected their own President, Jefferson Davis. They came up with their own laws and made their own decisions. Although, this did not settle well with the Union, don't worry! They are set up to find that out later...shhhhhhhh!

http://www.historynet.com/secession 

Sumner-Brooks Episode

The Sumner-Brooks Episode happened on May 22, 1856, in Washington D.C. Prior to this episode, Charles Sumner had given a speech about abolishing slavery in the United States. He spoke about bleeding Kansas and everything that was going on there at the time. He mentioned the name of a specific Senator, Andrew Butler, accusing him of committed crimes in Kansas. Sumner was sitting in the chambers waiting the meeting to start, Congressman Preston Brooks, the nephew of Andrew Butler, attacked him with a walking stick. Brooks succeeded with his attack because another Congressman was blocking the other Senators with 

a pistol he was swinging around. Brooks beat Sumner in the head with the walking stick so hard that pieces literally flew off. Sumner's attack was so bad that he would not appear back in the public eye again until November 5th of that year. Senator Charles Sumner did not go back into the Senate for another three years after that although he was continuously reelected by the Massachusetts General Court. The Southerners were proud that Brooks stood up for his rights, his cause, his family, and his state. They were proud that someone would fight for what they believed in. The Northerners did not like what happened because violence and physicality were starting to pop up more and happen more in the United States and Northerners particularly did not like violence(maybe why they were anti-slavery).

http://historyengine.richmond.edu/episodes/view/4632

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Uncle Tom's Cabin was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. She lived in Cincinnati, Ohio. She was a white wife and mother. Her and her husband Calvin hired fugitive slaves to work in their homes. They lived right up next to the river so they could see Kentucky, a slave state. She had visited there before and had done some business with people who owned slaves. She held a spot in her heart for slaves and would sit and listen to their employees stories about their lives and their owners. One slave that they hired was an escapee, after hearing of this her husband and her brother helped the slave escape to Canada where she could be safe and receive citizenship and freedom. The first article of the book was published by The National Era newspaper who was antislavery. Harriet Beecher Stowe kept going for sources and looking for peoples stories. People around her who knew her would help her find facts and stories from the very people who had experienced it. All in all the book is two volumes and inside of those two volumes she describes slavery at its worst. The book is made up of actual stories although they could be not as gory. After the book was published and people began to read and understand it things started to change. The way that slaves were treated changed for the better and the way that people saw slavery changed as well. The slaves began to actually mean something to people and the world. The hard-hearted slave masters however only got more mad and started treating them worse than before. The book became a bestseller in the U.S., Britain, Europe, and Asia. It was also translated into over 60 languages throughout the world. Uncle Tom's Cabin gives us an inside look at slavery and what it was all thanks to Harriet Beecher Stowe and the brave slaves that shared their life stories with her and the world.

http://www.harrietbeecherstowecenter.org/utc/

The Underground Railroad: Harriet Tubman

Harriet Tubman was once a slave but she escaped into freedom. She wanted to help other slaves get to experience the freedom that she was experiencing. The road to freedom was long and toilsome, but in the end it was worth it. The slaves would get news around and hear stories about the underground railroad. Information about where to go, who to see and what time to be there and see them. Often the slave masters would hear about it and would catch them in the act of trying to escape or chase them until the pursuers could not run anymore. The escapees would call her Moses because she would lead them out of slavery. She would never lose a passenger, so as long as you had her as your guide, you knew that you would be safe. When you started to give out of strength she would push you on, and if you talked of going back out of frustration or desperation for security she would threaten you. She was smart and knew how to keep them moving on no matter what they felt. She was by far the biggest leader in the underground railroad- she was the underground railroad- and she saved over 300 people out of slavery.


http://www.fold3.com/page/1342_underground_railroad/

Significance of Fort Sumter

Fort Sumter is where the Civil War began. Over time resentment between the North and the South kept growing. Eventually we would go into war with each other. US Army Major Gen. Robert Anderson moved his troops from where they were stationed to Fort Sumter that was not yet complete without any orders. Gen. Beaureguard sent a message for the fort to be surrendered but he did not comply. After the negotiations were not getting them anywhere Fort Johnson, which was nearby, opened fire on Fort Sumter. ["The guns opened fire at 4:30 in the morning on April 12, 1861, and fired for 33 straight hours."]

The return fire from Gen. Anderson was pointless and did not help them in any way whatsoever. The fort was surrendered and evacuated on April 13. 

http://www.monacorarecoins.com/rare-coin-articles/civil-war-fort-sumter/

John Brown's Raid

John Brown was born in Torrington, Connecticut, in 1800, into a deeply religious family. His father opposed slavery, then when he was five his family moved to northern Ohio to a place that would become known for its antislavery views. In his 50 years, Brown moved about the country, settling in Ohio, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York, and taking along his growing family everywhere with him. John Brown would father 20 children. He worked at various times as a farmer, wool merchant, tanner, and land speculator. He was never financially stable and ended up filing for bankruptcy in his forties. He kept supporting the places he wanted to support. He helped finance the publication of David Walker's Appeal and Henry Highland's "Call to Rebellion" speech. John Brown gave land to fugitive slaves. Since, he did that he and his wife decided to raise black youth as one their own.  He also participated in the Underground Railroad and, in 1851, helped establish the League of Gileadites, an organization that worked to protect escaped slaves from slave catchers. On October 16, 1859, he led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. He planned to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal. Their plan was thwarted, however, by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee. Within 36 hours of the attack, most of Brown's men had been killed or captured.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1550.html

Dred Scott Case

       March of 1857, the United States Supreme Court declared that all blacks are slaves as well as free and could never become a citizen of the United States. The case that was before the court was the Dred Scott v. Sanford. Dred Scott was a slave who lived in Illinois, a free state, and in Wisconsin, a free state, before moving back to Missouri, a slave state. Dred Scott went before the Supreme Court hoping to get his freedom. Dred Scott tried to argue that his time spent in those locations entitled him to emancipation. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, a staunch supporter of slavery, disagreed with the decision that the court found that no black, free or slave, could claim U.S. citizenship, and therefore blacks were unable to petition the court for their freedom. ["The Dred Scott decision incensed abolitionists and heightened North-South tensions, which would erupt in war just three years later."]


http://www.history.com/topics/dred-scott-case

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates were a very big thing in the United States. People came from all over the country to hear them speak. See what happened was Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas had different ideas of how the country should be run and government should operate at this point and time in history. They were both going for a position in the Senate and they were the choice candidates who had it out for each other for that seat. Abraham Lincoln felt as if he had the upper-hand, "Lincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to war of ideas." When the nation heard of this everyone was curious as to how it would turn out, traveling far across a wide expanse of the country people came from all over to Illinois in order to hear them debate at a specific 7 spots in Illinois. Douglas felt that whatever the Supreme Court decided was not as important as what the citizens and therefore, could not over rule them. ["Time and time again, Lincoln made that point that "A HOUSE DIVIDED COULD NOT STAND." Douglas refuted this by noting that the founders, "left each state perfectly free to do as it pleased on the subject."] In the end Lincoln ended up losing the debates but still has his principles still standing to this day. His ideas still stand? Who wouldn't have seen that coming from our future President. When Douglas ran for President in 1860, his ideas during these debates hurt him very badly and he lost. 

http://www.ushistory.org/us/32b.asp

Missouri Compromise of 1850/Fugitive Slave Act

The problem here was that the United States was trying to figure out what to do with territory that they received due to the results of the war with Mexico. they were trying to decide whether the territory should be free or slave? Or like the rest of the country was asking, will they be able to choose for themselves? California wanted to enter the union as a free state and the boundaries of Texas were being questioned. Then came into play Washington D.C., the capital of the country and also home to the largest slave market on this continent. Texas would have to pay back its debt to Mexico and the territory attained from them would be used to organize new free states. If a slave ran away the citizens would have to help with finding them again, they had their right for a trial revoked and many ran away. About 20,000 blacks moved to what is now known as Canada due to this law. It was devastating for our country because the population was decreased and work force was shrunk down to one-sixth. 

Find out more information here: 

Civil War: Timeline & Info

     This timeline is very helpful and detailed. It talks about all the different occurrences during the Civil War. If you are looking for play by play of what happened during the Civil War this is the place to look! The Civil War was a great trivial period in our country, half of the country wanted slaves and the other half did not; Therefore, the Missouri Compromise of 1857, by Henry Clay, came around to try to negotiate the problem. The Compromise never passed because it was declared unconstitutional.
     In April of 1861, General P.G.T. Beauregard attacked Ft. Sumter and President Davis ordered Confederates to attack the federals at Ft. Sumter. Those two things are what started the Civil War. At the Battle of Ft. Sumter the Confederates won (most of the battles in the Civil War are Confederate victories).